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Fermi estimates: assumptions, units and a worked answer

Break the question into two or three quantities you can estimate. Multiply or divide only after checking the units.

Write an explicit assumption

For breaths in a day, choose an assumed breaths-per-minute rate, then multiply by minutes and hours. This is a mathematical exercise, not a personal medical measurement.

Round first

A rough calculation such as 50 × 25 × 2 cubic metres is easier to audit than an unexplained large number. Convert cubic metres to litres only at the end.

Compare with the explanation

A Fermi answer can depend on assumptions. Read the worked calculation after the reveal and identify which assumption caused the largest ratio error.